Introduction to Historic Sites in Virgin Islands National Park
Uncover the Rich History of Paradise
Imagine stepping back in time as you explore the sun-drenched shores and lush landscapes of Virgin Islands National Park. This Caribbean paradise isn’t just about pristine beaches and crystal-clear waters; it’s a treasure trove of history waiting to be discovered.
From ancient petroglyphs to colonial-era ruins, the park’s historic sites offer a fascinating glimpse into the islands’ complex past. As you embark on your journey through Virgin Islands National Park, you’ll find that each historic site tells a unique story. These well-preserved remnants of bygone eras stand as silent witnesses to the triumphs and struggles that have shaped the islands’ culture and identity.
Whether you’re a history buff, a curious traveler, or simply looking to add depth to your tropical getaway, these sites will captivate your imagination and enrich your understanding of this beautiful corner of the world. In this article, we’ll guide you through six must-visit historic sites that showcase the diverse heritage of Virgin Islands National Park.
From sugar plantations that once drove the island’s economy to ancient rock carvings left by the area’s earliest inhabitants, each location offers a unique window into the past. You’ll discover how these sites have been preserved, the stories they tell, and the best ways to experience them during your visit.
As we explore these historic treasures, you’ll also learn about the ongoing conservation efforts that ensure these important landmarks will continue to educate and inspire future generations. So, grab your sunhat and comfortable shoes – we’re about to embark on a journey through time in one of the Caribbean’s most beautiful national parks!
Ready to plan your historic adventure?
Check out our Ultimate Virgin Islands National Park Guide 2024 for comprehensive trip planning tips!]
Start your journey through history! Book your stay near Virgin Islands National Park with Expedia.com and immerse yourself in the island’s rich heritage.
Annaberg Sugar Plantation Ruins: A Window into Colonial Life
Perched on a hill overlooking the crystal-clear waters of Leinster Bay, the Annaberg Sugar Plantation Ruins stand as a poignant reminder of St. John’s complex colonial past. This well-preserved site offers visitors a unique opportunity to step back in time and explore the intricate workings of an 18th-century Caribbean sugar plantation.
A Legacy of Sugar and Slavery
Established in the 1720s, Annaberg was one of the largest sugar plantations on St. John. At its peak, the plantation covered over 1,300 acres and was home to hundreds of enslaved Africans who toiled under harsh conditions to produce sugar, molasses, and rum. The name “Annaberg,” meaning “Anna’s Hill,” was given to the plantation by Dutch owner Solomon Zeeger in 1758, in honor of his wife Anna deWindt.
Architectural Marvels
As you wander through the ruins, you’ll encounter several impressive structures that showcase the industrial ingenuity of the era:
- The Windmill: Standing at an impressive 40 feet tall, Annaberg’s windmill was one of only six on St. John. Built between 1810 and 1830, it could process 75-100 cartloads of sugarcane daily, a significant improvement over the horse-powered mill.
- The Factory Complex: Here, you’ll find the remains of the boiling house, where cane juice was transformed into sugar through a complex heating process.
- Slave Quarters: While little remains of the slave dwellings, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of at least 16 buildings in this area. These simple structures, made of wattle and daub, offer a stark contrast to the plantation owner’s luxurious lifestyle.
A Living Museum
Today, the Annaberg Sugar Plantation Ruins serve as an open-air museum, managed by the National Park Service. Interpretive signs throughout the site provide insights into the sugar production process and the lives of those who worked here. During the tourist season, cultural demonstrations are held three days a week, offering visitors a chance to learn about traditional crafts and cooking methods.
Looking for more outdoor adventures? Check out our guide to Discover 7 Epic Hiking Trails in Virgin Islands National Park
Conservation Efforts
Preserving Annaberg is an ongoing challenge due to the tropical climate and vegetation. The Friends of Virgin Islands National Park, a non-profit organization, works closely with the National Park Service to maintain and restore these important ruins.
Their efforts ensure that this vital piece of Caribbean history remains accessible to future generations. As you explore Annaberg, take a moment to appreciate the breathtaking views of Mary Creek, Mary Point, and the distant shores of Tortola. These same vistas once greeted the eyes of plantation owners, enslaved workers, and later, emancipated farmers who called this place home.
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Reef Bay Sugar Mill Ruins: A Journey Through Time
Nestled in the heart of Virgin Islands National Park, the Reef Bay Sugar Mill Ruins offer a captivating glimpse into the island’s industrial past. This well-preserved site, accessible via a scenic hiking trail, tells a story of technological advancement, cultural exchange, and the complex history of sugar production in the Caribbean.
The Reef Bay Trail: A Hiker’s Delight
To reach the ruins, visitors embark on the popular Reef Bay Trail, a 2.4-mile downhill hike that winds through lush tropical forest. The trail itself is a journey through the island’s diverse ecosystems, featuring:
- Ancient kapok trees towering overhead
- Mango and genip trees, remnants of long-abandoned orchards
- A variety of native flora and fauna
For more hiking adventures, check out our guide on Discover 7 Epic Hiking Trails in Virgin Islands National Park
The Sugar Mill: A Testament to Innovation
As you emerge from the forest, the imposing stone walls of the Reef Bay Sugar Mill come into view. Built in the 1800s, this mill represents a significant technological leap in sugar production:
- Steam Power: Unlike earlier horse- or wind-powered mills, Reef Bay utilized steam engines, greatly increasing efficiency.
- Cast Iron Components: Many of the mill’s parts were crafted in England and shipped to St. John, showcasing global trade networks of the era.
- Copper Kettles: The remains of large copper kettles used for boiling cane juice are still visible, offering insights into the sugar-making process.
Cultural Significance
The Reef Bay Sugar Mill isn’t just a relic of industrial history; it’s a site of profound cultural importance:
- Enslaved Labor: The mill stands as a reminder of the enslaved Africans who toiled here under harsh conditions.
- Post-Emancipation Era: After slavery was abolished, the mill continued to operate with paid labor, reflecting the changing social dynamics of the island.
Ancient Petroglyphs: A Link to Pre-Columbian Past
A short detour from the main trail leads to a hidden gem: a series of petroglyphs carved by the Taíno people, the island’s pre-Columbian inhabitants. These mysterious rock carvings, located near a freshwater pool, offer a tangible connection to the island’s earliest known residents.
Interested in more hidden treasures? Explore our guide on Hidden Gems in Virgin Islands National Park
Conservation Efforts
The National Park Service, in collaboration with local organizations, works tirelessly to preserve the Reef Bay Sugar Mill Ruins. Recent efforts have focused on stabilizing the stone walls and protecting the site from erosion, ensuring that this important piece of history remains intact for future generations.
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Cinnamon Bay Archeology Museum and Lab: Unearthing Island History
Nestled along the picturesque north shore of St. John, the Cinnamon Bay Archeology Museum and Lab offers visitors a unique opportunity to delve into the rich, multi-layered history of the Virgin Islands.
This fascinating site serves as both a window into the past and an active research center, making it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and curious travelers alike.
A Journey Through Time
The museum’s exhibits take you on a chronological journey through the island’s history:
- Pre-Columbian Era: Discover artifacts left by the Taíno and other indigenous peoples who inhabited the islands long before European contact.
- Colonial Period: Explore items from the Danish colonial era, including pottery, tools, and personal effects that offer insights into daily life during this time.
- Plantation Economy: Learn about the sugar plantation system that dominated the island’s economy and shaped its social structure for centuries.
Interactive Learning Experience
What sets Cinnamon Bay apart is its commitment to hands-on education:
- Live Demonstrations: Watch archaeologists at work in the on-site lab, processing and analyzing recent finds.
- Touch Tables: Handle replicas of ancient tools and artifacts, gaining a tactile understanding of the island’s material culture.
- Digital Reconstructions: Use interactive displays to visualize how the island and its settlements have changed over time.
For more family-friendly activities, check out our guide on Family Activities in Virgin Islands National Park
Ongoing Research and Discoveries
The Cinnamon Bay Archeology Lab is not just a museum; it’s an active research facility:
- Current Excavations: Learn about ongoing archaeological projects on the island and how they’re reshaping our understanding of Virgin Islands history.
- Conservation Techniques: Discover the meticulous processes involved in preserving delicate artifacts recovered from the island’s soil and waters.
- Volunteer Opportunities: During certain times of the year, visitors can participate in actual archaeological digs, offering a truly immersive historical experience.
Cultural Significance
The museum plays a crucial role in preserving and interpreting the cultural heritage of the Virgin Islands:
- Community Engagement: Regular workshops and events connect local residents with their island’s history.
- Educational Programs: School groups from across the Virgin Islands visit the museum, fostering a sense of historical awareness in the younger generation.
Preserving the Past for the Future
The National Park Service, in collaboration with universities and research institutions, continues to invest in the Cinnamon Bay facility:
- Climate Control: State-of-the-art systems protect sensitive artifacts from the tropical climate.
- Digital Archives: Ongoing efforts to digitize collections ensure that these historical treasures are accessible to researchers worldwide.
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Trunk Bay Underwater Snorkeling Trail: Dive into Maritime History
While many of Virgin Islands National Park’s historic sites are on land, the Trunk Bay Underwater Snorkeling Trail offers a unique opportunity to explore the park’s rich maritime history beneath the waves.
This 225-yard underwater trail is not only a snorkeler’s paradise but also a living museum that showcases the interplay between natural and human history in the Caribbean.
A Submerged Journey Through Time
As you glide through the crystal-clear waters of Trunk Bay, you’ll encounter:
- Shipwreck Remains: Discover remnants of 18th-century shipwrecks, silent testimonies to the island’s bustling maritime trade.
- Ancient Coral Formations: Observe centuries-old coral structures that have witnessed the ebb and flow of human activity in these waters.
- Marine Artifacts: Spot anchors, cannons, and other maritime artifacts that have become part of the underwater landscape.
Educational Underwater Signage
What makes this trail unique is its series of underwater markers:
- Informative Plaques: These signs provide information about marine life, coral formations, and historical context.
- Ecological Insights: Learn about the delicate balance of the coral reef ecosystem and how it has changed over time.
- Historical Narratives: Discover stories of naval battles, trade routes, and the indigenous peoples who first navigated these waters.
For more snorkeling adventures, check out our guide on Top 8 Jaw-Dropping Spots for Snorkeling in Virgin Islands National Park
Conservation in Action
The Trunk Bay Underwater Trail is more than just a tourist attraction; it’s a living laboratory for marine conservation:
- Coral Restoration Projects: Witness ongoing efforts to rehabilitate damaged coral reefs.
- Fish Population Studies: The trail serves as a site for monitoring the health of local fish populations.
- Climate Change Research: Scientists use the trail to study the effects of rising sea temperatures on marine ecosystems.
Visitor Experience and Safety
To ensure both your enjoyment and the preservation of this unique site:
- Guided Tours: Park rangers offer guided snorkel tours, providing in-depth historical and ecological insights.
- Equipment Rentals: Snorkeling gear is available for rent at Trunk Bay, ensuring you have the proper equipment to explore safely.
- Safety Briefings: All visitors receive important information about protecting themselves and the fragile marine environment.
For more safety tips, visit our guide on Safety Tips for Virgin Islands National Park
The Future of Underwater Heritage
As climate change and increased tourism pose challenges to marine environments, the National Park Service is committed to preserving this underwater heritage:
- Sustainable Tourism Practices: Efforts are underway to balance visitor access with ecosystem protection.
- Advanced Monitoring: New technologies are being deployed to track the health of the underwater trail and its inhabitants.
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Peace Hill Windmill Ruins: A Sentinel of History
Perched atop a scenic promontory overlooking Hawksnest Bay and Denis Bay, the Peace Hill Windmill Ruins stand as a silent sentinel to St. John’s complex past. This historic site offers visitors not only breathtaking panoramic views but also a poignant reminder of the island’s sugar production era and its journey towards emancipation.
A Strategic Vantage Point
The location of Peace Hill was chosen for its strategic importance:
- 360-Degree Views: From this vantage point, you can see the surrounding bays, nearby islands, and even the distant shores of Tortola on a clear day.
- Trade Wind Access: The hill’s elevation made it an ideal spot for harnessing the steady Caribbean trade winds to power the sugar mill.
The Windmill’s Role in Sugar Production
While only the base of the windmill remains today, it tells a powerful story:
- Technological Marvel: The windmill was a crucial part of the sugar production process, used to crush sugarcane and extract its juice.
- Economic Engine: This site represents the sugar industry that once dominated the island’s economy and shaped its social structure.
- Labor History: The windmill serves as a reminder of the enslaved Africans who toiled in the sugar plantations under harsh conditions.
The Path to Emancipation
Peace Hill holds special significance in the history of emancipation on St. John:
- Emancipation Proclamation: It’s believed that the Danish emancipation proclamation was read from this hill in 1848, marking a turning point in the island’s history.
- Post-Emancipation Era: The site witnessed the transition from slave labor to a free workforce, a period of significant social and economic change.
To learn more about the island’s history, check out our guide on Virgin Islands National Park for First-Time Visitors
Natural and Cultural Intersection
Peace Hill is not just a historical site; it’s also a place where nature and culture intersect:
- Native Flora: The hill is home to various native plant species, offering insights into the island’s natural history.
- Hiking Opportunities: A short trail leads to the windmill ruins, providing a perfect blend of history and nature.
- Sunset Viewing: Many visitors come to Peace Hill at dusk to witness spectacular Caribbean sunsets.
Preservation Efforts
The National Park Service, in collaboration with local historical societies, works to preserve this important site:
- Structural Stabilization: Ongoing efforts ensure the remaining windmill structure is protected from erosion and weathering.
- Interpretive Signage: New signs provide visitors with historical context and information about the site’s significance.
- Cultural Landscape Management: The surrounding area is carefully maintained to balance historical authenticity with visitor access.
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Catherineberg Sugar Mill Ruins: A Crown Jewel of Colonial Industry
Perched high on the scenic Centerline Road, the Catherineberg Sugar Mill Ruins offer visitors a well-preserved glimpse into the industrial heart of St. John’s colonial past. This impressive structure, with its distinctive horseshoe-shaped design, stands as one of the most complete and visually striking sugar mill ruins in the Virgin Islands National Park.
Architectural Marvel
The Catherineberg Sugar Mill boasts several unique features that set it apart:
- Horseshoe Design: Unlike many other mills on the island, Catherineberg’s distinctive horseshoe shape allowed for more efficient sugar processing.
- Imposing Stone Walls: The thick, sturdy walls have withstood centuries of tropical weather, testifying to the skill of their builders.
- Copper Boiling Pots: Remnants of the large copper pots used in the sugar refining process can still be seen within the ruins.
A Window into Sugar Production
Visiting Catherineberg provides insights into the complex process of sugar production:
- Cane Crushing: Imagine the windmill’s sails turning, powering the machinery that crushed sugarcane to extract its sweet juice.
- Boiling House: Explore the area where cane juice was boiled down in a series of copper kettles to produce sugar.
- Curing House: Learn about the final stages of sugar production, where molasses was separated from raw sugar crystals.
For more historic sites, check out our guide on Historic Sites in Virgin Islands National Park
The Human Story
Beyond its industrial significance, Catherineberg tells a poignant human story:
- Enslaved Labor: The mill stands as a reminder of the enslaved Africans who toiled under harsh conditions to produce sugar.
- Plantation Life: Interpretive signs around the site offer glimpses into the daily lives of both the enslaved workers and plantation owners.
- Post-Emancipation Era: Learn how the sugar industry and life on St. John changed after the abolition of slavery in 1848.
Strategic Location
Catherineberg’s hilltop position offers more than just historical interest:
- Panoramic Views: From the mill, visitors can enjoy breathtaking vistas of the surrounding hills and distant Caribbean Sea.
- Hiking Opportunities: The site is accessible via a short trail, making it a perfect stop for hikers exploring the island’s interior.
Preservation and Restoration
The National Park Service has undertaken significant efforts to preserve this important site:
- Structural Reinforcement: Recent work has focused on stabilizing the stone walls to prevent further deterioration.
- Vegetation Management: Careful removal of encroaching plants helps protect the ruins while maintaining their picturesque setting.
- Educational Programs: Regular ranger-led tours and school visits help bring the site’s history to life for visitors of all ages.
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Conservation and Preservation Efforts: Safeguarding Virgin Islands’ Heritage
The historic sites within Virgin Islands National Park are not just relics of the past; they are living testaments to the island’s rich cultural heritage. Preserving these invaluable landmarks for future generations requires ongoing dedication, expertise, and resources. Let’s explore the multifaceted conservation efforts that keep these historic sites alive and accessible.
National Park Service Initiatives
The National Park Service (NPS) plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining the park’s historic sites:
- Structural Stabilization: Ongoing work to reinforce and protect ruins from environmental factors and natural decay.
- Vegetation Management: Careful removal of invasive plants that threaten to damage historic structures.
- Climate Change Adaptation: Developing strategies to protect sites from rising sea levels and increased storm intensity.
Technological Innovations in Preservation
Modern technology is revolutionizing conservation efforts:
- 3D Scanning: Creating detailed digital models of ruins for monitoring changes over time and aiding in restoration.
- Drone Surveys: Using aerial imagery to assess hard-to-reach areas and map large sites efficiently.
- Non-Invasive Archaeology: Employing ground-penetrating radar to study buried structures without excavation.
Learn more about the park’s natural wonders in our guide on Wildlife in Virgin Islands National Park
Community Involvement and Education
Local engagement is vital for successful preservation:
- Volunteer Programs: Opportunities for residents and visitors to participate in conservation work.
- School Partnerships: Educational programs that teach local students about their island’s history and the importance of preservation.
- Cultural Demonstrations: Regular events showcasing traditional crafts and skills related to the historic sites.
Balancing Access and Preservation
Managing visitor impact is a delicate balance:
- Sustainable Tourism Practices: Implementing measures to protect sites from wear and tear caused by foot traffic.
- Interpretive Signage: Providing informative displays that enhance visitor experience while promoting respectful behavior.
- Guided Tours: Offering expert-led tours that control access to sensitive areas while providing rich historical context.
Funding and Partnerships
Preserving history requires substantial resources:
- Friends of Virgin Islands National Park: This non-profit organization raises funds and organizes volunteers for various preservation projects.
- Government Grants: Securing federal and local funding for major restoration efforts.
- Academic Collaborations: Partnering with universities for research and conservation initiatives.
Future Outlook
Looking ahead, several key areas are being prioritized:
- Digital Preservation: Creating virtual tours and online exhibits to increase accessibility and reduce physical impact on sites.
- Climate Resilience: Developing long-term strategies to protect historic sites from the effects of climate change.
- Cultural Landscape Management: Preserving not just individual structures, but the entire historical context of the landscapes.
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Visitor Information and Tips: Making the Most of Your Historic Journey
Exploring the historic sites of Virgin Islands National Park can be an enriching and unforgettable experience. To help you make the most of your visit, we’ve compiled essential information and valuable tips to ensure your journey through time is both enjoyable and respectful of these precious landmarks.
Best Times to Visit
Timing can significantly enhance your experience:
- Peak Season (December to April): Ideal weather, but expect more crowds.
- Off-Season (May to November): Fewer visitors, but be prepared for occasional rain showers.
- Early Mornings: Visit sites early for cooler temperatures and better photography lighting.
- Full Moon Nights: Some sites offer special full moon tours for a unique perspective.
For more detailed information, check out our guide on The Best Time to Visit Virgin Islands National Park
Guided Tours vs. Self-Exploration
Choose the experience that suits you best:
- Ranger-Led Tours:
- Offer in-depth historical context and insider knowledge.
- Available at major sites like Annaberg and Cinnamon Bay.
- Typically, free with park admission.
- Self-Guided Exploration:
- Allows for a more flexible schedule.
- Interpretive signs provide information at your own pace.
- Download the NPS app for mobile guided tours.
Essential Packing List
Be prepared for your historic adventure:
- Comfortable walking shoes
- Sun protection (hat, sunscreen, sunglasses)
- Insect repellent
- Plenty of water
- Camera or smartphone for photos
- Binoculars for distant views
For a comprehensive packing guide, visit our Packing List for Virgin Islands National Park
Photography Tips
Capture memories while respecting the sites:
- Use early morning or late afternoon light for best results.
- Avoid using flash inside ruins to prevent damage to fragile surfaces.
- Include people in some shots to provide scale to the structures.
- Respect any photography restrictions, especially at culturally sensitive sites.
Accessibility Information
The park strives to make historic sites accessible:
- Annaberg and Cinnamon Bay have wheelchair-accessible areas.
- Some trails to ruins may be challenging for those with mobility issues.
- Contact the park in advance for specific accessibility information.
Responsible Visitation
Help preserve these sites for future generations:
- Stay on designated paths to prevent erosion.
- Do not climb on or remove any part of the ruins.
- Leave no trace – take only photos, leave only footprints.
- Report any damage or vandalism to park rangers.
Local Etiquette
Respect the local culture and environment:
- Dress modestly when visiting historic sites, especially those with religious significance.
- Ask permission before photographing local residents.
- Support local businesses to contribute to the island’s economy.
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Conclusion: Honoring the Past, Safeguarding the Future
As we wrap up our tour of Virgin Islands National Park’s historic sites, it’s clear these landmarks are more than old buildings. They’re storytellers, giving us a real link to the Caribbean’s rich history.
A Rich Historical Blend
From the towering ruins of Annaberg Sugar Plantation to the hidden treasures under Trunk Bay’s waters, each site we’ve explored shares a unique part of the islands’ past:
- The sugar industry’s boom and bust
- The hardships and strength of enslaved Africans
- How people changed the local environment
- Ongoing work to protect and study these old sites
These historic spots help us see how the past shapes our world today.
Engaging All Your Senses
What makes these places special is how they involve all our senses:
- Touching old stones worn smooth by time
- Smelling tropical flowers on the breeze
- Hearing waves hit shores that have seen centuries pass
- Tasting foods made the same way for generations
Each of these experiences connects us more deeply to the island’s heritage.
Your Role in Preservation
As visitors, we play a big part in keeping these valuable historic sites safe:
- By visiting responsibly, we help the local economy and support conservation
- Our interest keeps these stories alive for future visitors
- Sharing our experiences inspires others to explore this unique culture
Find out how you can help preserve the park in our guide on Conservation in Virgin Islands National Park
Looking Ahead
Virgin Islands National Park is working hard to balance preservation with access. The future looks bright for these historic treasures:
- New research is uncovering more about the islands’ past
- Modern tech offers new ways to experience these old sites
- Growing awareness ensures continued support for preservation
Start Your Journey
Whether you love history, nature, or unique travel experiences, the historic sites of Virgin Islands National Park offer something special. As you plan your trip, remember that you’ll be walking the same paths as those who came before – from native Taíno to European settlers, from enslaved Africans to today’s islanders.
So grab your sunscreen, put on comfy shoes, and get ready for an unforgettable trip through time. The ruins, beaches, and trails of Virgin Islands National Park are ready to share their stories with you.
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FAQs: Your Questions About Historic Sites in Virgin Islands National Park Answered
Here are some common questions visitors ask about the historic sites in Virgin Islands National Park:
1. How old are the ruins in Virgin Islands National Park?
Most ruins in the park date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, during the height of the sugar plantation era. Some sites, like the petroglyphs near Reef Bay, are much older, created by indigenous people over 1,000 years ago.
2. Can I touch or climb on the ruins?
No, please don’t touch or climb on the ruins. These structures are fragile and easily damaged. Enjoy them visually and through approved guided tours.
3. Are the historic sites wheelchair accessible?
Some sites, like parts of Annaberg and Cinnamon Bay, have wheelchair-accessible areas. Others may be more challenging. Contact the park service for specific accessibility information before your visit.
4. Is there an extra fee to visit the historic sites?
Most historic sites are included in your park entry fee. Some special tours or programs might have additional costs. Check the park’s official website for current fee information.
5. What’s the best time of day to visit the ruins?
Early morning or late afternoon are ideal. You’ll avoid the midday heat and get better lighting for photos. Some sites offer special sunset or full moon tours too.
6. Can I take artifacts I find near the ruins?
No, it’s illegal to remove any artifacts from the park. If you find something interesting, leave it in place and tell a park ranger.
7. Are there guided tours of the historic sites?
Yes, the park offers ranger-led tours at many sites. These tours provide in-depth historical information and are usually free with park admission.
8. How long does it take to visit all the historic sites?
To visit all major historic sites thoroughly, plan for at least 2-3 days. This allows time for hiking, guided tours, and exploring at a relaxed pace.
9. Is it safe to snorkel at the Trunk Bay Underwater Trail?
Yes, when conditions are good. Always check current sea conditions, use proper gear, and follow safety guidelines. Consider joining a guided snorkel tour for added safety.
10. Can I get married at one of the historic sites?
Yes, with proper permits. Many couples choose scenic spots like Annaberg or Trunk Bay for their ceremony. Contact the park service for information on wedding permits and rules.
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